01
The problem it solves
and only that one.
The question provable fairness answers is narrow: did the operator decide the outcome before your bet, and leave it unchanged afterwards? Without a commitment scheme you cannot tell, because a result generated after your stake is visible could in principle depend on it.
The mechanism is a cryptographic commitment. The operator computes the outcome, hashes it, and gives you the hash before you bet. A hash is one-way — you cannot read the outcome out of it — but it is also binding, because no other input produces that same hash.
So the operator has published something it cannot change without you noticing, while telling you nothing you could act on. When the round ends it reveals the input, and you check that it hashes to the value you were given.
02
How one studio
actually implements it.
BGaming publishes its scheme on its own site, so it can be described concretely rather than in the abstract. Before the round, the studio states, it calculates the outcome — which it calls the Result — and generates a random string called the Secret for that round. It hashes Result plus Secret with SHA-256 and passes that hash to the player.
Before betting, the player may supply a Client Seed: either a number the system picks at random or one they choose themselves. This is the part that matters most, because a seed you chose is one the operator could not have known when it committed.
During the round, the studio says, the Client Seed is applied to the Result — by a method that differs per game type, documented per type on the same page. Once the round completes, the player is given the Result plus Secret and the Final Result.
The whole design, in BGaming's own summary, is that the outcome of each round is calculated before the bet is placed, and everything afterwards exists so the player can satisfy themselves the game was unaffected by their bet.
04
What it does prove
and why that is worth having.
One thing, and it is a real thing: the result was fixed before you bet and was not altered afterwards. That closes off the specific abuse of an operator watching your stake and choosing an outcome to suit it.
The client seed is what makes that guarantee load-bearing rather than decorative. If both inputs came from the operator, it could in principle have selected a pair producing an outcome it preferred. A seed you supplied after the commitment cannot have been anticipated.
So verification is a narrow, genuine assurance about tampering, sitting inside a game that is still built to lose you money over time. Both halves of that sentence are true simultaneously, and the marketing around provable fairness usually contains only the first.